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Curve resolutionprogression in boys and girls with IIS is established in terms of rib vertebrangles. The natural history Celecoxib clinical trial of IIS, resolving and progressive, needs further study in terms of other varibles including start sizes, adipose tissue, and epidemi ological studies that may be described by the functions of white and brown adipose tissue. The factors are, the funnel-shaped upper chest in progressive IIS, biacromial and biiliac widths are narrow relative to sub ischial level in older IIS boys and girls, while SIH is not excessive. in infants acquiring IIS under 6 months, there is a surplus of curve beginning in the two winter quarters and of premature low-birth weight men, the declining frequency of IIS in lower socio-economic groups in the UK in relation to the interscapular station of BAT, its sympathetic innervation and low shivering Metastasis thermogenesis, and b the main heat ing of domiciles within the period of study, the loss of subcutaneous fat in subjects with malig nant gradual IIS about 4 6 years of age, and in normal boys and girls, the dramatic drop from chubbimess to comparably lean problem by 5 years of age with greater interscapular BAT in premature than mature infants. Over all, these results suggest the hypothesis that white and brown adipose tissue, leptin, hypothalamus and the sympathetic nervous system may possibly, collectively, play role in the pathogenesis of IIS. Along with the traditional reductionist approach, systems biology approach is required to evaluate the pathogenesis of AIS, as for obesity. This method involves multidisciplinary research leading to new theo ries and new experiments. Conclusion The double neuro osseous theory for AIS pathogenesis in women postulates developmental disharmony between auto nomic and somatic nervous systems exaggerated by hormones producing systemic skeletal PR-619 concentration overgrowth and indicated in the spine and trunk. The theory predicates AIS pathogenesis in women on dys function in one or both of two putative normal mechnisms associated with start progress, each unique to humans and acquired in evolution. The autonomic component of the double neuro osseous theory for AIS pathogenesis in women usually involves selec tively increased awareness of the hypothalamus to the circu lating adipokine leptin, with asymmetry directed bilaterally where it initiates the scoliosis deformity vithe sympathetic nervous system to the growing axial skeleton. We speculate that increasing quantities of circulating leptin with the fat accumulation of teenage girls, improve the improved hypothalamic sensitivity to leptin. Within the autonomic nervous system, the putative dys function precisely increased hypothalamic sensitivity to leptin as up-regulation from mutation, could be regu lated by one or more of five possible molecular mechanisms. The unusual hypothalamic asymmetry is caused by hormesis.